Gene technologies – a fork in the road

New Zealand has long maintained a cautious stance on genetic modification (GM) in agriculture. Under the current Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (HSNO) Act of 1996, the cultivation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is prohibited, effectively limiting their use in agriculture. This policy places New Zealand at odds with many other countries, where GM crops like maize and soybeans are widely grown. 

However, as the world faces mounting challenges such as food security, climate change, and environmental degradation, the New Zealand Government is reconsidering its stance. Proposed changes to the biotechnology regulations, set for implementation by 2025, could pave the way for broader use of genetic technologies, including cutting-edge gene-editing techniques like CRISPR.

This potential shift in policy has sparked a heated debate across Aotearoa, as stakeholders from all sides of the issue weigh the benefits of innovation against the risks to public health, the environment, and New Zealand’s reputation in global markets. In this context, the government is balancing the promise of enhanced agricultural production, improved pest resistance, and climate change adaptation with concerns about food safety and export market access.

The Regulatory Landscape and Global Context

The regulation of genetic modification in New Zealand is currently governed by the HSNO Act, which places strict controls on the development and use of GMOs. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is tasked with overseeing these regulations, approving field trials, and regulating the release of GMOs. To date, only one genetically modified product, an equine influenza vaccine, has been approved for release.

This regulatory framework is a direct result of public concerns, many of which stem from debates around the environmental and health implications of GM technology. Notably, the 2001 Royal Commission on Genetic Modification recommended a cautious approach, emphasising the need for comprehensive risk assessment and public consultation.

In recent years, reports such as the 2019 review by the Royal Society and the 2021 New Zealand Productivity Commission report have further advocated for clearer definitions, more effective public engagement, and the alignment of New Zealand’s regulations with international standards, while also considering Māori cultural perspectives.

Globally, many countries have embraced GM crops to address challenges like food security and climate change. Crops engineered for drought tolerance, pest resistance, and improved nutritional content are now common in countries such as the United States, Brazil, and Argentina. While New Zealand has avoided the widespread adoption of GM crops, the international trend is unmistakable: genetic technologies are being integrated into agricultural systems around the world.

Public Sentiment and Concerns

Despite the global shift towards biotechnology, public opinion in New Zealand remains divided. Surveys consistently show mixed levels of awareness and acceptance of genetic technologies, especially gene-editing techniques like CRISPR. A 2022 survey found significant opposition to genetically modified foods, yet higher acceptance of gene-edited crops aimed at environmental or conservation goals.

Some respondents in recent interviews expressed strong support for genetic technologies, particularly when framed in terms of environmental benefits. These stakeholders see potential in using GM crops to reduce agricultural emissions, improve pest resistance, and increase resilience to climate change. For example, research from AgResearch on genetically modified ryegrass and white clover, designed to reduce methane emissions from livestock and prevent bloat, has garnered attention as a possible solution to New Zealand’s agricultural environmental challenges.

“The international trend is unmistakable: genetic technologies are being integrated into agricultural systems around the world.”  – Lisa Lunn, Kellogg Report

Others, however, remain sceptical, citing concerns about unintended environmental consequences, health risks, and the potential impact on New Zealand’s image as a ‘clean, green’ nation. These concerns are compounded by the possibility of cross-contamination with non-GMO crops and the economic risks posed by international markets that have stringent anti-GMO policies.

Economic and Export Market Implications

New Zealand’s agricultural exports play a pivotal role in its economy. Dairy, meat, horticulture, and wine are major contributors to GDP, and the ‘clean, green’ image has long been a key selling point in international markets. However, the growing global demand for genetically modified crops presents both an opportunity and a challenge.

On the one hand, embracing genetic technologies could give New Zealand farmers a competitive edge, enabling them to produce higher-yielding, climate-resilient crops while reducing reliance on chemical inputs. The potential benefits in terms of agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability are significant, particularly for industries struggling to adapt to climate change.

There are risks to New Zealand’s export reputation. Many of our key markets, particularly in Europe and parts of Asia, are highly sensitive to GMOs, and consumer demand for non-GMO products remains strong. While studies suggest that GM crops have not significantly harmed New Zealand’s food exports to date, the situation could change if major trading partners impose stricter regulations on genetically modified products.

Moreover, New Zealand’s organic sector is also at risk. Organic farming relies heavily on non-GMO practices, and there are concerns that the introduction of GM crops could lead to contamination and loss of certification. For exporters, maintaining access to high-value organic and non-GMO markets could become more challenging if genetic technologies are more widely adopted.

Stakeholder Perspectives: A Divided Opinion

A series of semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders including farmers, scientists, industry representatives, and environmentalists, revealed a wide range of perspectives on the future of genetic technologies in New Zealand agriculture.

Approximately 25% of respondents were strongly supportive of regulatory changes to enable the use of genetic technologies. They argued that these technologies could enhance New Zealand’s competitiveness in global markets, improve food security, and address pressing environmental issues. Supporters of this view highlighted the need for clear communication and public education to overcome misconceptions about GMOs and to foster a more informed debate.

Around 38% of interviewees were supportive but cautious, recognising the potential benefits of genetic technologies but calling for more stringent regulatory oversight and robust public consultation. These stakeholders emphasised the importance of balancing innovation with risk management, particularly in terms of environmental sustainability, biodiversity, and consumer trust.

The remaining 37% were neutral or unclear, unsure of how to approach the issue due to a lack of sufficient information. Many in this group called for more evidence-based assessments and expressed concerns about the ethical implications of genetic modification, corporate control of agriculture, and the potential social impacts.

Recommendations for Moving Forward

To navigate these complex issues, experts and stakeholders agree on several key recommendations for the government:

1. Promote Public Understanding: Use clear, accessible communication to educate the public about the potential benefits of genetic technologies, particularly in terms of environmental sustainability, food security, and animal welfare.

2. Address Ethical and Social Concerns: Provide transparent, evidence-based communication about the risks and benefits of genetic technologies, countering misinformation and addressing concerns about health, ethics, and environmental impact.

3. Foster Inclusive Dialogue: Engage a broad range of stakeholders, including iwi, environmental groups, farmers, and consumers, in a national conversation about the future of genetic technologies. This dialogue should be ongoing, with a focus on building trust and ensuring that regulatory changes align with New Zealand’s values.

4. Ensure Robust Regulation: Implement a flexible, safety-focused regulatory framework that aligns with international standards, manages risks, and ensures the coexistence of GMO and non-GMO agriculture.

Conclusion: A Fork in the Road

New Zealand stands at a critical juncture in its agricultural and environmental policy. While genetic technologies offer immense potential to address some of the most pressing challenges facing the sector, the risks and uncertainties cannot be ignored. 

The debate over genetic modification is complex, with valid concerns on all sides. However, with careful regulation, transparent communication, and inclusive public engagement, New Zealand has the opportunity to harness the benefits of genetic technologies while protecting its unique environmental and agricultural identity. 

The next few years will be pivotal in shaping the future of New Zealand’s agriculture, and the choices made will have lasting implications for the country’s economic, environmental, and social landscape.

Click here to read Lisa’s full report here.